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Two minds

Two minds

Ryan Schram
ANTH 2700: Key debates in anthropology
ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au
Social Sciences Building 410 (A02)
Week of March 01, 2021 (Week 1)

Slides available at http://anthro.rschram.org/2700/2021/1

Welcome to ANTH 2700

Welcome to class, and to Semester 1.

Our lectures will be online on Zoom every week. Tutorials start in Week 2.

The next step in studying anthropology

Everyone knows what anthropology is. It’s the study of human life in global terms, especially with respect to its diversity. Seems simple enough. Except…

  • Some anthropologists explain every situation in terms of culture; and many do not and look for other explanations.
  • Many anthropologists want to contribute to a general, universal concept of society, but others question whether there is such a thing as society, and if it has to have a universal definition.
  • Anthropologists are split on whether or not anthropology is a science and should be a science.

It seems like anthropologists don’t agree about anything.

Why can’t anthropologists agree on anything?

There are several different reasons.

  • Anthropology has changed. Later generations developed new ways of thinking about things.
  • Anthropologists critique themselves and their own implicit norms and values, just as if anthropology was itself a culture.
  • Anthropologists have always borrowed from other social sciences.
  • Anthropology is just plain big, because humanity is a lot of people, all of whom are different.

Anthropologists ask the same questions but they don’t have to agree on the answers.

You become an anthropologist by figuring out how you want to answer these questions, and why.

What we will do in class

This class is based on a weekly cycle. Get in the habit of following this cycle every week.

  • Read the assigned readings for each week.
  • Reflect on what you are thinking about these readings and the week’s topic in your weekly journal.
  • Write on any questions that your tutor assigns you for the week.
  • Log on to our weekly lecture on Zoom (using the Canvas Zoom page).
  • Participate in a weekly tutorial discussion.
  • Make contact with your peers, your tutor, and Ryan and Robbie.

Commiting to being present and being visible in every part of this class every week will make it feel important and give you a reason to keep at it.

The origin of anthropology

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><li></HTML><HTML><p></HTML>An example of a normative inquiry into society is Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s //On the social contract// (Rousseau [1762] 1978).<HTML></p></HTML>

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Is society a thing?

Who is it that says society is a thing, and that we should study society as an empirical fact and not an ideal?

Society is a thing

Emile Durkheim is one of the most influential advocates for a positive science of society, one that looks for the causes of social forms and patterns in society.

If we approach society the way natural scientists examine nature, then we would not judge, rank, or evaluate society on a scale of goodness, morality, or value.

Society is a thing sui generis

Durkheim develops a new idea of society that is appropriate for a new social science.

Durkheim says that society causes itself. “Society is a reality sui generis;” it is a whole which is greater than the sum of its parts, and has properties of its own which the parts lack (Durkheim [1912] 1995, 15).

Consider Rousseau:

Social facts are things

There are indeed many unstated rules for stated rules and institutions of everyday life. All of us follow these implicit rules, or norms, without thinking about them.

Durkheim calls them “social facts” (Durkheim [1895] 1982).

Do people break these rules? Sure. But then what happens?

Why do social facts feel like natural facts?

The split subject

Durkheim’s theory of society is also a theory of the human subject

References and further reading

Durkheim, Emile. (1895) 1982. The Rules of Sociological Method. Edited by Steven Lukes. London: The Macmillan Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16939-9.

———. (1912) 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen E. Fields. Reprint edition. New York: Free Press.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. (1762) 1978. On the Social Contract, with Geneva Manuscript and Political Economy. Edited by Roger D. Masters. Translated by Judith R. Masters. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

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