tiv_spheres_of_exchange
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+ | # Tiv spheres of exchange # | ||
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+ | The Tiv people of northern Nigeria organize their local system of exchanges into separate spheres. While Tiv people regularly exchange with each other, not every objects can be exchanged for any other object, and each exchange is conducted in a certain manner and only with certain people. The model of spheres of exchange is an attempt by Paul Bohannan (1955) to explain these rules. Basically the spheres are: | ||
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+ | ^ Sphere ^ Items ^ | ||
+ | | I | Women as wives | | ||
+ | | II | Brass rods, *tugudu* cloth, slaves | ||
+ | | III | Foodstuffs, utensils, chickens, goats, tools | | ||
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+ | The first sphere of exchange applies to objects of subsistence, | ||
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+ | Exchange spheres are ranked. The first concerns goods which are lower in value than those of the second, and so on. Bohannan also described ways that Tiv individuals acquire wealth in this system. The proper way to wealth for Tiv is ' | ||
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+ | At the time Bohannan was doing his research, Tiv was part of a colonial market economy, and Tiv people often made use of the state' | ||
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+ | Bohannan' | ||
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+ | Bohannan' | ||
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+ | ## Author' | ||
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+ | This page has recently been updated to clarify the status of money and money-exchange in Tiv in the time Bohannan describes in his ethnographic works. Money was used widely but appears to have attracted the same shame that any other downward conversion across spheres did. Money was not simply classified in the third lowest sphere, but Bohannan suggests that it formed a lower fourth sphere of its own (but cf. Hoskins 1997, 186–188). See the page history for the precise changes. | ||
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+ | ## References ## | ||
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+ | Bohannan, Paul. 1955. "Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv." American Anthropologist, | ||
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+ | Guyer, Jane I. 2004. Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. | ||
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+ | Hoskins, Janet. 1997. The Play of Time: Kodi Perspectives on Calendars, History, and Exchange. Berkeley: University of California Press. | ||
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+ | Parry, Jonathan, and Maurice Bloch. 1989. “Introduction: | ||
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+ | <WRAP box similar> | ||
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