Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- 2700:2022:10 [2022/05/02 00:40] – Ryan Schram (admin)
+++ 2700:2022:10 [2022/05/02 15:42] (current) – [Indirectly indirect rule in India] Ryan Schram (admin)
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 There are two crucial differences to this sense of power:
-  * When you play your part in social life, power is operating on you. Even (and especially) in settings where you have a reason to play a role, you make it possible to create official knowledge of populations.
+  * It takes place in settings that are ostensibly beneficial: the so-called "helping professions," e.g. education, health care, welfare. When you participate in these social institutions as a client, you make it possible to create official knowledge of populations.
   * The watchtower is everywhere, and no one is in it. Many different, independent social institutions require people who participate in them to modify themselves to fit into their roles. All of these roles teach you to see yourself the ways others see you.
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
   * The “shock” is the busy schedule that the prisoners maintain.
   * Nobody needs to be coerced or punished; there’s too much else going on: Boot camp, drills, classes, therapy sessions, etc.
-  * This is a prison that frees people, literally, by giving them new abilities and skills, many quite practical.
+  * This is a prison that frees people  by giving them new abilities and skills, many quite practical.
   * The prison in its time reported a great success, less recidivism. What does that mean? It was good at funnelling its inmates into the working class.
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 In its 500-years-or-more history, colonialism has been many different things. This is about the latter stages of European colonialism.
-<HTML><ul></HTML>
+  * French imperial rule was a direct form of rule. Though complex and varied, an ideal in French colonial policy was to replace people’s cultures and values.
-<HTML><li></HTML><HTML><p></HTML>French imperial rule was a direct form of rule. Though complex and varied, an ideal in French colonial policy was to replace people’s cultures and values.<HTML></p></HTML><HTML></li></HTML>
+  * Britain also used direct rule, but a policy of indirect rule developed by Frederick Lugard (1922) was dominant in the late 19th and early 20th century.Lugard justified British colonial authority on a “dual mandate”
-<HTML><li></HTML><HTML><p></HTML>Britain also used direct rule, but a policy of indirect rule developed by Frederick Lugard (1922) was dominant in the late 19th and early 20th century.<HTML></p></HTML>
+    * Economic “development” (Lugard 1922, 6)
-<HTML><p></HTML>Lugard justified British colonial authority on a “dual mandate”<HTML></p></HTML>
+    * “Welfare of the subject races” (Lugard 1922, 6)
-<HTML><ul></HTML>
-<HTML><li></HTML>Economic “development” (Lugard 1922, 6)<HTML></li></HTML>
-<HTML><li></HTML>“Welfare of the subject races” (Lugard 1922, 6)<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ul></HTML>
-<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ul></HTML>
 ===== Autonomy as intervention =====
-Indirect rule is worthy of special emphasis, since I think it had the biggest impact on today’s world. Mahmood (**mamdani_citizen_1996?**) makes two important observations about indirect rule:
+Indirect rule is worthy of special emphasis, since I think it had the biggest impact on today’s world. Mahmood Mamdani (1996) makes two important observations about indirect rule:
-  * It eliminated the role of educated and highly cosmopolitan African civil servants, professionals, and intellectuals who grew up in an era of mostly “direct” rule. These multilingual, multicultural operators could already imagine the possibility of self-rule within an empire. Now they were out of a job (**mamdani_citizen_1996?**).
+  * It eliminated the role of educated and highly cosmopolitan African civil servants, professionals, and intellectuals who grew up in an era of mostly “direct” rule. These multilingual, multicultural operators could already imagine the possibility of self-rule within an empire. Now they were out of a job (Mamdani 1996, 74–77).
-  * Indirect rule had to impose its own ideas of traditional societies on many different communities, making each of them much more rigid and insular (**mamdani_citizen_1996?**).
+  * Indirect rule had to impose its own ideas of traditional societies on many different communities, making each of them much more rigid and insular (Mamdani 1996, 50–51).
-    * Mamdani calls it a system of “decentralized despotism” (**mamdani_citizen_1996?**).
+    * Mamdani calls it a system of “decentralized despotism” (Mamdani 1996, 37).
 Indirect rule was not //laissez-faire//. It was a requirement that every colonial subject become a native, belong to a tribe, and live in a distinct homeland, under the rule of a “chief.”
@@ Line 131: / Line 127: @@
   * In areas of the British Raj, a regime of nominally direct rule, officials created ad-hoc forms of autonomy for people and communities they could not control (Shah 2007, 1810).
-These colonial regimes also relied on highly centralized control of knowledge in order to implement different kinds of subject positions for different communities (Cohn 1987; Chandra 2013). * Backward tribes in backward tracts * Criminal tribes
+These colonial regimes also relied on highly centralized control of knowledge in order to implement different kinds of subject positions for different communities (Cohn 1987; Chandra 2013).
+* Backward tribes in excluded areas (or backward tracts)
+* Criminal tribes
+* Martial races
 Census categories are social facts with teeth. They have normative force.
@@ Line 167: / Line 167: @@
 Lugard, F. D. 1922. //The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa//. Edinburgh, London: W. Blackwood and Sons. http://archive.org/details/cu31924028741175.
+Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. //Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism//. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.