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+ | ~~DECKJS~~ | ||
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+ | # Do all societies become secular? # | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Do all societies become secular? ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ryan Schram | ||
+ | |||
+ | Mills 169 (A26) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au | ||
+ | |||
+ | 11 May 2015 | ||
+ | |||
+ | Available at http:// | ||
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+ | |||
+ | ### Readings ### | ||
+ | |||
+ | Mahmood, Saba. 2001. “Rehearsed Spontaneity and the Conventionality of Ritual: Disciplines of Şalat.” American Ethnologist 28 (4): 827–53. doi: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Deeb, Lara. 2009. “Piety Politics and the Role of a Transnational Feminist Analysis.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 15: S112–26. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Other readings ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | Harding, Susan. 1991. “Representing Fundamentalism: | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ### Other media ### | ||
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+ | Ali, Lorraine. 2010. “For American Muslims, Choosing to Wear the Veil Poses Challenges.” The New York Times, June 11. http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Cohn, Nate. 2015. “Big Drop in Share of Americans Calling Themselves Christian.” The New York Times, May 12. http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Eltahawy, Mona. 2015. “My Unveiling Ceremony.” The New York Times, April 10. http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Liptak, Adam. 2015. “Muslim Woman Denied Job Over Head Scarf Wins in Supreme Court.” The New York Times, June 1. http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Perez, Michael. 2014. “Does a Women-Only Pool Mean Segregation? | ||
+ | |||
+ | Scott, Joan Wallach. 2008. “Gender Equality and Islamic Headscarves.” The Immanent Frame: Secularism, Religion and the Public Sphere, February 10. http:// | ||
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+ | ## Questions of religion, atheism, and secularism ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | In many parts of the world, religions seems to be on the decline. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * In Australia, 65.3% say religion is 'not very important' | ||
+ | all important' | ||
+ | * In Scandinavian countries, 60% of people say religion is unimportant (ibid.). | ||
+ | * In some Western European countries, notably France, 40-30% of people | ||
+ | profess no belief in any God, spirit, or life force (Eurobarometer 2010). | ||
+ | * In these same countries, over half do not attend any religious service. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Questions of religion, atheism, and secularism ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | In other parts of the world, religious identity seems to have a new prominence. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The " | ||
+ | countries. | ||
+ | * The revival of Orthodox Christianity in former Soviet states. | ||
+ | * The house church movement in China, and a general revival of | ||
+ | interest in religious practice. | ||
+ | * The growth of Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Religion and social change: A two-way street ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | Based on Weber' | ||
+ | society became more complex, and its division of labor became more | ||
+ | specialized and rational, religion would become restricted to certain | ||
+ | areas of life, and many areas of life would be completely secular and | ||
+ | indifferent to religious ideas. This has become **the secularization | ||
+ | thesis**. | ||
+ | |||
+ | A **thesis statement** is one possible answer among many to a | ||
+ | **research question**. | ||
+ | |||
+ | There are two pretty obvious problems with this thesis: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Is it based on a flawed assumption about social change. | ||
+ | * It really doesn' | ||
+ | only the decline of religious observance among some people. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In short, the secularization thesis is wrong, but then again, we can | ||
+ | see now that it was really asking the wrong question. Sociology is | ||
+ | still recoving from this. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ## Secularism ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | Secularism means neutrality with respect to religion, and the absence | ||
+ | of religious influence. Specifically, | ||
+ | concept with: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The separation of church and state, or official neutrality on religion. | ||
+ | * One's religion is private matter, and does not affect other roles. | ||
+ | * One has freedom to worship and freedom of belief. | ||
+ | * In some cases, religious expression of any kind is banned in some | ||
+ | areas of life, e.g. in French public schools. French secularism is | ||
+ | better known as laïcité. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Why is secularism and religion so problematic? | ||
+ | |||
+ | - France: Headscarf controversies, | ||
+ | - Australia: Ban of face coverings in the gallery of Federal Parliament, 2014. | ||
+ | - US: Sultaana Freeman denied a Florida driver' | ||
+ | - Turkey: Ban on headscarves in universities lifted, 2008. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## Freedom of conscience ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | The freedom of belief, thought, or conscience has historically had two elements in international law (Slotte 2010, ): | ||
+ | |||
+ | * forum internum (internal forum) | ||
+ | * forum externum (external forum) | ||
+ | |||
+ | What is the difference? | ||
+ | |||
+ | ## WISH: Women in Solidarity with Hijabis ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | What is this? | ||
+ | |||
+ | https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Share what you know about this. What do you think? What are people doing here? | ||
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+ | |||
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+ | |||
+ | ## References ## | ||
+ | |||
+ | Eurobarometer. 2010. " | ||
+ | |||
+ | Eurobarometer. 2012. " | ||
+ | |||
+ | Jones, Nicky. 2009. “Beneath the Veil: Muslim Girls and Islamic Headscarves in Secular France.” Macquarie Law Journal 9: 47. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Petkoff, Peter. 2012. “Forum Internum and Forum Externum in Canon Law and Public International Law with a Particular Reference to the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.” Religion and Human Rights 7 (3): 183–214. doi: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Slotte, Pamela. 2010. “The Religious and the Secular in European Human Rights Discourse.” The Finnish Yearbook of International Law 21 (1): 231–86. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2592380. | ||
+ | |||
+ | World Values Survey. 2014. “World Values Survey Wave 6: 2010-2014: Online Data Analysis: V.9 Important in Life, Religion.” World Values Survey Database. Accessed June 30, 2014. http:// | ||
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+ | |||
+ | ## A guide to the unit ## | ||
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+ | {{page> | ||
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