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+~~DECKJS~~
+# Some history #
+## A history of kinship ##
+Ryan Schram
+ANTH 2654: Forms of Families
+July 31, 2014
+Available at http://anthro.rschram.org/2654/1
+## Who do you think you are? ##
+http://www.sbs.com.au/programs/who-do-you-think-you-are
+## Faces of America ##
+* http://www.pbs.org/wnet/facesofamerica/
+* http://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/
+## Recap ##
+There's lots of reasons to study kinship:
+* It raises questions about human nature.
+* It seems to explain the social structure of small societies.
+* Ideas about family often reveal implicit ideas about gender and
+  morality.
+* "Multiculturalism" usually has something to do with the fact that
+  different cultures have differ concepts of family, relatives, and
+  their relationships.
+You should choose one reason why you're studying it. What questions do
+you want answered?
+## He invented kinship ##
+Many ideas about kinship in anthropology trace back to the work of
+**[[:Lewis Henry Morgan]]**. Morgan gives the first justification for
+studying kinship as a system of a society.
+Every society has its own way of dividing itself into groups and
+deciding how these groups can relate to each other. The terms we use
+to label relatives are classifications of people.
+## Morgan's definition of kinship ##
+For Morgan, kinship is a "system of consanguinity and affinity."
+**Consanguinity**: related by blood, either through the mother or the
+father.
+**Affinity**: related by marriage, i.e. a spouse and all of the
+spouse's consanguineous relatives. Roughly equivalent to English
+'in-law'.
+## Set sail for kinship ##
+**[[:W. H. R. Rivers]]** is another "discoverer of kinship" in anthropology.
+Rivers collected information about cultures by going out on long
+expeditions. It was a time before "fieldwork."
+He found that he could gather a clear picture of a society as an
+organized whole if he just asked a person to name all of their
+relatives, and to trace their family tree back as far as one could
+remember. He called it **the genealogical method**.
+Patterns of which relative married which relative were linked to
+different types of social institution.
+## Culture shock ##
+Rivers helped create contemporary anthropology based on cultural
+relativism. For him, marriage forms like **polyandry** and **child
+marriage** were just as strange as **cousin marriage** among
+upper-class British families.
+## A puzzle ##
+Take a piece of paper and write the term. What do you call:
+* Your **mother's sister's children**?
+* Your **mother's brother's children**?
+* Your **mother's children** (besides yourself)?
+* Your **father's sister's children**?
+* Your **father's brother's children**?
+* Your **father's children** (besides yourself)?
+You can share answers with neighbors. What languages do people use to talk about these things? How many different terms do we use?
+## Auhelawa kin terms ##
+Among children of the same parent(s)
+* Male speaker, male addressee: tahi or tuwa
+* Male speaker, female addressee: nuhu
+* Female speaker, male addressee: nuhu
+* Female speaker, female addressee: tahi or tuwa
+Among grandchildren of the same grandparents:
+* The children of sisters call each other by the term ...
+* The children of brothers call each other by the term ...
+* The children of a brother and a sister call each other ...
+## X and || ##
+Because having two types of collateral relatives is so common around
+the world, anthropologists use English etic (analytical) terms for
+them:
+**Cross-cousins** are the children of your parents' //opposite-sex//
+siblings.
+**Parallel cousins** are the children of your parents' //same-sex//
+siblings. (And...?)
+## And more ##
+{{:natgeo.seri.sib.png|Lynn Johnson, Vanishing Voices Photo Slideshow, National Geographic, 2012}}
+## The axiom of amity ##
+Meyer Fortes:
+Kinship concepts, institutions, and relations classify, identify, and categorize persons and groups. ... [T]his is  associated with rules of conduct whose efficacy comes, in the last resort, from a general principle of kinship morality that is rooted in the familial domain and is assumed everywhere to be axiomatically binding. This is the rule of **prescriptive altruism** which I have referred to as the principle of kinship amity and which Hiatt calls the ethic of generosity. (Fortes 2004 [1969]: 231-232)
+## References ##
+Fortes, Meyer. 2004 [1969]. Kinship and the Social Order: The Legacy
+of Lewis Henry Morgan. London: Routledge.
+Johnson, Lynn. 2012. Seri Cousins (Photograph). Vanishing Voices
+Photo Gallery, National Geographic (July). http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/vanishing-languages/rymer-text