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-~~DECKJS~~
-# Modernities #
-## More than one way to do it ##
-Ryan Schram
-ANTH 1002: Anthropology and the Global
-Lecture Notes
-September 2014
-Ryan is taking the lectures on Parallel Modernities (Week 9) and
-Alternate Modernities (Week 10).
-## The twentieth century was busy ##
-Things that happened in the twentieth century:
-* Electrification
-* Broadcasting
-* Mechanized warfare
-* Nuclear weapons
-* Decolonization
-* The rise of superpowers
-## US urbanisation ##
-* USA 1900: 30% of people live in cities
-* USA 1990: nearly 80% live in cities (US Census 1995).
-## World urbanisation ##
-* In 1800, 3% of the world lived in cities.
-* In 1900, 19%.
-* In 2000, 47% ... and recently over half of people live in cities
-  (The Economist 2007).
-## Town and country ##
-* Rural societies have small populations and can be studied up close. **A few big social institutions do most of the work** of integrating society.
-* **Urban societies have a higher degree of differentiation.** There are lots of very specialized institutions and a person has to move through many different social contexts.
-===== It's getting better all the time? =====
-Those of us who grew up in a Western culture learned to see this as
-**progress**.
-People who grew up in other cultures learn to see it as **development**.
-## Yeah, right ##
-Capitalism has reorganized social relations around money and profit.
-Colonial conquests uprooted millions of people and denied people their
-self-worth.
-People sell organs.
-There is a giant plastic garbage vortex in the middle of the Pacific
-ocean.
-## That's about the size ##
-People in postcolonial societies have experienced great changes
-too. And they call these changes, more or less, **modernity**.
-But if you look closely, modernity is different every where you look.
-## Multiple modernities ##
-For Ongka, modernity means more moka.
-For Walter Benjamin, modernity means more shopping.
-For Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana, modernity means a
-free country based on African principles.
-For Suharto, a former leader of Indonesia, modernity means a united
-Indonesian society based on a common philosophy.
-## Two ways ##
-There are two ways of thinking about multiple modernities
-* **Parallel** modernity: A developing society chooses another society to
-  emulate besides Europe.
-* **Alternate** modernity: The same social forces which transformed
-  European societies also are at work in other societies, but
-  disguised in locally appropriate forms.
-We begin with parallel modernity.
-## Indian cinema is as old as European cinema ##
-When Dadasaheb Phalke first saw a silent movie in 1910 he thought:
-"While the life of Christ was rolling before my eyes, I was mentally visualizing the gods Shri Krishnu, Shri Ramachandra and their Gokul and Ayodhya..." (Phalke quoted Ganti 2013: 92).
-## Bollywood ##
-Trailer for Mughal-E Azam (K. Asif, 1960)
-http://youtu.be/rXz_vWzMh_U
-## Parallel modernity ##
-* Indian cultural products flow to Nigerian audiences.
-* Nigerian writers appropriate Indian stories to create something new.
-## References ##
-The Economist. 2007. "The World Goes to Town," May 3. http://www.economist.com/node/9070726.
-US Census Bureau. 1995. "Urban and Rural Population: 1900 to 1990." Released October. https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/urpop0090.txt.