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- | # Global gifts | ||
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- | ## Global gifts | ||
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- | Ryan Schram | ||
- | ANTH 1002: Anthropology in the world | ||
- | Module 3, Week 3, Lectures 1 | ||
- | Social Sciences Building (A02), Room 410 | ||
- | ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au | ||
- | October 14, 2019 | ||
- | Available at http:// | ||
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- | ## Ongka redux | ||
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- | We can see Ongka in a new light. He's not a living fossil. He straddles two worlds. He makes money from selling coffee, and he keeps a cycle of moka going too. | ||
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- | * Has a bank account | ||
- | * Grows coffee | ||
- | * He has also said that cash-cropping and moka should coexist | ||
- | (Strathern and Stewart 2004, 133). | ||
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- | Ongka and other big men draw on money earned in markets to make bigger gifts. Money has led to the **efflorescence** of the *moka* system. | ||
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- | ## Auhelawa at work | ||
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- | * Since the very first contacts between Australians and Auhelawa in the late 19th century, Auhelawa people have migrated to earn wages as workers. | ||
- | * The trade goods they bought with wages became gifts to their kin when they returned: //lautom//. | ||
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- | ## Auhelawa migration is ideally circular | ||
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- | * Many people who were born in Auhelawa no longer live there, but their kin believe that this absence is temporary, and they will return. | ||
- | * People living and working in other parts of the country will often return during the summer holidays with gifts, a visit that anticipates their return to membership in the social order they left. | ||
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- | ## Wantoks in PNG | ||
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- | * //Wantok//: A person who speaks the same (//wan//) language (//tok//), and with whom one expects a relationship of mutual support. | ||
- | * Anyone who comes from the same area as oneself relative to others in a new environment are wantoks. | ||
- | * Migrants to towns reach out to wantoks and usually live among wantoks. | ||
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- | ## Gifts make the world go round | ||
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- | ### Remittances, | ||
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- | * In 2015, globally, over US$ 582 billion were sent home as remittances. | ||
- | * 133 billion US dollars was sent overseas as remittances in one year (2015). | ||
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- | ### Remittances drive economic development in many small countries | ||
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- | * In many receiving countries, remittances sent back are well over what the country receives in foreign development aid (OECD 2017). | ||
- | * In Haiti, 64% of external resource flows come from remittances, | ||
- | * In many of these countries, remittances are equal to or greater than what the country earns from exports (World Bank 2019a, | ||
- | * In Tonga, remittances in 2018 equaled 40% of GDP (up from 20% in 2010) | ||
- | * In 2018, exports in Tonga accounted for 21% of GDP (up from 12% in 2010, but trending downward since 1975). | ||
- | * Other countries where remittances are worth more than export income: Liberia, Comoros, Nepal, Haiti, Tajikistan. | ||
- | * These countries, in other words, participate in global capitalism mainly by exporting people. | ||
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- | ## Myths of migration | ||
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- | * Fievel the mouse | ||
- | * Wantok networks, Samoan diasporas | ||
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- | ## References | ||
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- | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2017. “Resource Flows beyond ODA in DAC Statistics.” Accessed September 5. http:// | ||
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- | Strathern, Andrew, and Pamela Stewart. 2004. Empowering the Past, Confronting the Future: The Duna People of Papua New Guinea. Basingstoke, | ||
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- | World Bank. 2019a. “Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP).” World Bank Open Data. https:// | ||
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- | ———. 2019b. “Personal Remittances, | ||