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-# Spheres of exchange
-## Spheres of exchange
-Ryan Schram
-ANTH 1002: Anthropology in the world
-Module 3, Week 2, Lectures 1--2
-Social Sciences Building (A02), Room 410
-ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au
-October 9, 2019
-Available at http://anthro.rschram.org/1002/3.2.1
-## What if...?
-What if you lived in a world in which everything you possessed also possessed a //hau//, and the //hau//---the spirit of the gift---"wished to return to its birthplace" (Mauss 2000 [1925], 12)?
-## Tiv spheres of exchange
-Everything of value would be **embedded** in social relationships.
-In many societies the **embeddedness** of value takes the form of a system that organizes objects into distinct, ranked [[:spheres_of_exchange|spheres of exchange]]. One example is the Tiv of Nigeria, who have three spheres:
-. Women as wives
-. Prestige items: brass rods, tugudu cloth, slaves
-. Subsistence items: food, utensils, chickens, tools
-Some things, like land, cannot be exchanged for anything, but are inherited (Bohannan 1955).
-## Relationships can be organized into spheres, too
-We can take the idea of spheres of exchange and apply it to the different ways people exchange:
-* Kula valuables (bagi, mwali) are a sphere of exchange. These objects can only be exchanged for each other, and not for anything else.
-* Moreover, one only does kula with certain kula partners, and one must keep one's kula exchanges separate from other kinds of exchanges with other people, like barter.
-## The ikpanture relationship is sphere of exchange
-Piot describes the relationship among //ikpanture// (friends).
-* The way you treat your //ikpanture// is distinct from the way you treat other people. The relationship comes with certain rules.
-* //Ikpanture// give each other the same kinds of things people buy and sell with others, but they must adhere to the rules of the social institution of //ikpantuna//. The things are not kept separate, but the rules for exchanging them are linked to the people involved in the exchange.
-* One relies on //ikpanture// to meet one's needs, but this is not always the easiest or cheapest way to meet needs.
-* //Ikpanture// relationships are not //quid pro quo//.
-## Money in Tiv society: Bohannan's prediction
-## Private property, a new kind of economy
-## Quiz question: Worker and parasite
-Go to Canvas and test your Marx knowledge with Quiz 15! Under capitalism, how do people make a living if they do not own capital (or, the means of production)?
-In *Das Kapital*, vol. 1, Marx writes that a worker under capitalism brings "his own hide to market and has nothing to expect but -- a hiding" (Marx 1867, chap. 6).
-What does Marx mean by *hiding* in this context?
-Ryan will announce the code in class.
-{{url>https://www.youtube.com/embed/z2_dhUv_CrI}}
-## Capital, commodities, and the bourgeois individual
-## Not so fast: why was Bohannan's prediction wrong?
-Bohannan's prediction about Tiv was based on an assumption that his own society in the US was already a unicentric system.
-But is it?
-## An editorial decision
-Portland, Oregon, 1997. The Reed College //Quest// editors meet to discuss an
-inquiry about a classified ad.
-Nobody involved can remember what it said. It was something like this:
-"WANTED Healthy female student to help bring joy to an infertile
-couple. Will pay $3000 plus all medical expenses for a donation of
-several eggs. Candidates should have a minimum GPA of 3.5 and minimum
-combined SAT scores of 1600."
-(GPA: grade point average, 3.5 is approximately a WAM of 80. SATs are
-college entrace exams. Under the old system, 1600 would have been
-close to an ATAR of 95.)
-## Meanwhile...
-Wendie Wilson was a student at the University of Washington around the
-same time. She volunteered to give several eggs for $5000.
-"It seemed a relatively small amount of my time for what seemed to be
-pretty decent compensation." It was empowering (Tuller 2010).
-She later founded an egg donor registry, Gifted Journeys.
-## Human trafficking?
-A friend recalls similar ads in student publications at a university
-in Vancouver, British Columbia. "We had ads at my college in Canada
-too, even though selling eggs isn't legal there. I guess they would
-ship you to the US for the procedure" (personal communication, 2014).
-## What the ads ask for ##
-* University students (women who have more and better-quality ova).
-* Preferred hair and eye color.
-* Prefered race.
-* Prefered school. Ivy-league (Harvard, Yale, etc.) schools are
-  especially popular, as are Berkeley and Stanford.
-## Planet America
-Unlike many countries, the sale of gametes is largely unregulated in
-the US, and the US has generally looser regulations on IVF and
-surrogacy.
-{{:reproductive.material.ban.png|Table of bans on reproductive materials by country}}
-## How much?
-One source of controversy is how much women should be paid. In
-general, factors influencing the fee are:
-* Health and family history of disease
-* Grades at university.
-* SAT (university entrance) scores.
-* Prestige of the university. Ivy-league (Harvard, Yale, etc.)
-  students with good grades can be offered up to $35,000.
-* One ad in a Brown University (Rhode Island) newspaper said that "an
-  extraordinary egg donor" would be paid $50,000 (Tuller 2010).
-## Hmmm...
-The annual cost of tuition at Brown (excluding financial aid): **$59,428**
-Most students receive some financial aid. A typical student would be
-responsible for about half of this "sticker price," or $30,000.
-## The argument for egg sales
-Australia and Canada have banned the buying of women's ova.
-One researcher says that this means that this gives infertile couples
-an incentive to go abroad, where there are no protections for
-donors (Nash 2012).
-## Should the US ban the sale of ova?
-What are the reasons for a ban?
-What are the reasons against a ban?
-## What else should we ban?
-Compensation for plasma donation?
-[[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-02-21/hair-extension-industry-built-on-indian-sacrifices/338142|Head-shaving ceremonies?]]
-## References
-Bohannan, Paul. 1955. "Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv." American Anthropologist, New Series, 57 (1): 60–70.
-Mauss, Marcel. 2000 [1925]. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Translated by W. D. Halls. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
-## Works consulted
-Brown University. 2014. "Cost of Attendance." Brown University Web
-Site. Accessed August 26, 2014.
-http://www.brown.edu/about/administration/financial-aid/cost-attendance.
-Cohen, I. Glenn, and Eli Y. Adashi. 2013. "Made-to-Order Embryos for
-Sale -- A Brave New World?" New England Journal of Medicine 368 (26):
-–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb1215894.
-Health Canada. 2013. "Prohibitions related to Purchasing Reproductive
-Material and Purchasing or Selling In Vitro Embryos." Health
-Canada. Last modified 18 July 2013.
-http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/brgtherap/legislation/reprod/purchasing-achat-eng.php
-Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. 2014. "Egg Donation and
-Egg Sharing." Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Accessed
-August 2014. http://www.hfea.gov.uk/egg-donation-and-egg-sharing.html
-Nash, Meredith. 2012. "Women who donate their eggs deserve
-compensation - here's why." The Conversation, 8 November.
-http://theconversation.com/women-who-donate-their-eggs-deserve-compensation-heres-why-10515
-Tuller, David. 2010. "Payment Offers to Egg Donors Prompt Scrutiny."
-The New York Times, May 10, sec. Health.
-http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/11/health/11eggs.html.
-Zhai Xiaomei. 2004. "ABA Country Report for China, 2003" Eubios:
-International and Asian Journal of Bioethics 14:
--10. http://www.eubios.info/EJ141/ej141d.htm.