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-# Spheres of exchange
-## Spheres of exchange
-Ryan Schram
-ANTH 1002: Anthropology in the world
-Module 3, Week 2, Lectures 1--2
-Social Sciences Building (A02), Room 410
-ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au
-October 9, 2019
-Available at http://anthro.rschram.org/1002/3.2.1
-## What if...?
-What if you lived in a world in which everything you possessed also possessed a //hau//, and the //hau//---the spirit of the gift---"wished to return to its birthplace" (Mauss 2000 [1925], 12)?
-## Tiv spheres of exchange
-Everything of value would be **embedded** in social relationships.
-In many societies the **embeddedness** of value takes the form of a system that organizes objects into distinct, ranked [[:spheres_of_exchange|spheres of exchange]]. One example is the Tiv of Nigeria, who have three spheres:
-. Women as wives
-. Prestige items: brass rods, tugudu cloth, slaves
-. Subsistence items: food, utensils, chickens, tools
-Some things, like land, cannot be exchanged for anything, but are inherited (Bohannan 1955).
-## Relationships can be organized into spheres, too
-We can take the idea of spheres of exchange and apply it to the different ways people exchange:
-* Kula valuables (bagi, mwali) are a sphere of exchange. These objects can only be exchanged for each other, and not for anything else.
-* Moreover, one only does kula with certain kula partners, and one must keep one's kula exchanges separate from other kinds of exchanges with other people, like barter.
-## The ikpanture relationship is sphere of exchange
-Piot describes the relationship among //ikpanture// (friends).
-* The way you treat your //ikpanture// is distinct from the way you treat other people. The relationship comes with certain rules.
-* //Ikpanture// give each other the same kinds of things people buy and sell with others, but they must adhere to the rules of the social institution of //ikpanture//. The things are not kept separate, but the rules for exchanging them are linked to the people involved in the exchange.
-* One relies on //ikpanture// to meet one's needs, but this is not always the easiest or cheapest way to meet needs.
-* Ikpanture relationships are not //quid pro quo//.
-## References
-Bohannan, Paul. 1955. "Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv." American Anthropologist, New Series, 57 (1): 60–70.
-Mauss, Marcel. 2000 [1925]. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Translated by W. D. Halls. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.