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--- 1002:3.1 [2016/07/21 21:46] – Ryan Schram (admin)
+++ 1002:3.1 [2018/08/12 16:02] – [Gifts and commodities] Ryan Schram (admin)
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 ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au
-Monday, August 8, 2016
+Monday, August 13, 2018
 Available at http://anthro.rschram.org/1002/3.1
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 * **All societies in some way impose the three obligations of reciprocity on their members, even if they don't realize it.**
-This holistic model of a social system is also a very useful lens for understanding contemporary societies. This week, I'd like to develop two ideas:
+This holistic model of a social system is also a very useful lens for understanding contemporary societies. This week, I'd like to develop these three ideas:
 * A social system creates separate spheres of exchange.
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 ## Spheres of exchange ##
-Many societies organize objects into distinct, ranked spheres of exchange
+Many societies organize objects into distinct, ranked [[:spheres_of_exchange|spheres of exchange]]
 . Women as wives
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 Some things, like land, cannot be exchanged for anything, but are inherited.
-## Two points about spheres ##
+## Relationships can be organized into spheres, too ##
-. In spite of predictions to the contrary, money does not collapse all spheres into one market. Often money exchanges are placed in their own sphere.
+We can take the idea of spheres of exchange and apply it to the different ways people exchange:
-. Western and “modern” societies think of themselves as being dominated by money, but if you think about it, these societies have spheres of exchange too, and worry about maintaining the boundaries between spheres.
-## Ongka redux ##
+* Kula valuables (bagi, mwali) are a sphere of exchange. These objects can only be exchanged for each other, and not for anything else.
+* Moreover, one only does kula with certain kula partners, and one must keep one's kula exchanges separate from other kinds of exchanges with other people, like barter.
-* Has a bank account
+## The ikpanture relationship is sphere of exchange ##
-* Grows coffee
-* He has also said that cash-cropping and moka should coexist (Strathern and Stewart 2004, 133).
-## Commodities and capitalism ##
+Piot describes the relationship among //ikpanture// (friends).
-* [[:Commodities]] are bought and sold for a price.
+* The way you treat your //ikpanture// is distinct from the way you treat other people. The relationship comes with certain rules.
-* You can think of commodities as a "[[:sphere of exchange]]." When you
+* //Ikpanture// give each other the same kinds of things people buy and sell with others, but they must adhere to the rules of the social institution of //ikpanture//. The things are not kept separate, but the rules for exchanging them are linked to the people involved in the exchange.
-  exchange commodities for money, and back again, you are following
+* One relies on //ikpanture// to meet one's needs, but this is not always the easiest or cheapest way to meet needs.
-  certain rules.
+* Ikpanture relationships are not //quid pro quo//.
-* The sale of commodities generates a profit.
-* A system of producing, selling and distributing commodities as the
-  main form of economic system is associated with **capitalism**.
-## Capitalism is ##
+## Two points about spheres ##
-* **Capitalism** is a system in which the means of production are
+. In spite of predictions to the contrary, money does not collapse all spheres into one market. Often money exchanges are placed in their own sphere.
-  privately owned by one social class.
+. Western and “modern” societies think of themselves as being dominated by money, but if you think about it, these societies have spheres of exchange too, and worry about maintaining the boundaries between spheres.
-* **Capitalism** is a system in which nobody else has access to the
-  means of production; in order to live, people have to sell their
-  labor.
-## Talk about selling out ##
+## Moral limits on exchange
-A worker under capitalism brings "his own hide to market and has
+Gift systems are not static or unchanging. They adapt to contact with colonial power, money, and markets. They do so in different ways.
-nothing to expect but -- a hiding" (Marx 1867,
-chap. 6).
-What do you think he means by this? Buzz about this. What do you
+One way is by quarantining money and market exchange. For instance,
-associate with the word Capitalism? Marxism? When did you first hear
-these words? Have you ever read the *Communist Manifesto*?
-## Money and profits ##
+* Auhelawa market food but consider buying food to be shameful,
+  especially seeds.
-Let C represent a good, e.g. boots, cell phone, gum.
+* In the past, Wedau people earned money from selling copra, and
+  bought steel tools, but prohibited the use of steel tools in
+  gardens.
-Let M represent money.
-. **C - M - C'** *The simple exchange of goods.*
+## When a gift system meets a commodity system
-. **M - C - M'** *The making of profit through the exchange of commodities.*
-Marx wants to know why society moved from #1 to #2.
+When a society organized on the basis of gifts encounters a globalizing capitalist market, many different outcomes are possible. In the next lecture and next week, we will look at other possible responses:
-## Marxist analysis is about finding contradictions ##
+  * Separation, tension, and conflict
+  * Efflorescence
+  * Transformation
-* It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.
-* Never before can we feed so many, and never before have so many
-  people been without food.
-* Everyone in Australia can afford "fast fashion," but people in
-  Bangladesh work themselves to death for minimal wages.
-* Social systems and the global systems are defined by their
-  contradictions. They contain an ongoing struggle of life and death.
-## What's next ##
-* We continue to explore Marx's concept of commodities.
-  - The fetishism of commodities
-  - The commodification of everything
-* We are spending a lot of time on commodities because
-  - The global economic system is capitalist system.
-  - Hence, the kinds of conflicts and confrontations we are studying
-    are all examples of when a gift system meets a commodity system.
-If you would like to learn more about Marxism, visit:
-http://marxists.org/ for online editions of the *Manifesto*,
-*Capital*, and other key writings of Marx and Engels.
 ## References ##
-Andrae, Thomas. 2013. "Barks, Carl." In Icons of the American Comic
-Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman, volume 1, Duncan, Randy,
-and Matthew J. Smith, eds. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
 Bohannan, Paul. 1955. "Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv." American Anthropologist, New Series, 57 (1): 60–70.
-Marx, Karl. 1867. "Chapter Six: The Buying and Selling of
-Labor-Power." Capital,
-vol 1. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch06.htm
 Mauss, Marcel. 2000 [1925]. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Translated by W. D. Halls. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
-Strathern, Andrew, and Pamela Stewart. 2004. Empowering the Past,
-Confronting the Future: The Duna People of Papua New
-Guinea. Basingstoke, Eng.: Palgrave Macmillan.
-Voltaire. 2006 [1759]. Candide. Project
-Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19942/19942-h/19942-h.htm.