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-~~DECKJS~~
-# Global gifts
-## Global gifts
-Ryan Schram
-ANTH 1002: Anthropology in the world
-Module 3, Week 3, Lectures 1
-Social Sciences Building (A02), Room 410
-ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au
-October 14, 2019
-Available at http://anthro.rschram.org/1002/3.3.1
-## Ongka redux
-We can see Ongka in a new light. He's not a living fossil. He straddles two worlds. He makes money from selling coffee, and he keeps a cycle of //moka// going too.
-* Has a bank account
-* Grows coffee
-* He has also said that cash-cropping and moka should coexist
-  (Strathern and Stewart 2004, 133).
-Ongka and other big men draw on money earned in markets to make bigger gifts. Money has led to the **efflorescence** of the *moka* system.
-## Auhelawa at work
-* Since the very first contacts between Australians and Auhelawa in the late 19th century, Auhelawa people have migrated to earn wages as workers.
-* The trade goods they bought with wages became gifts to their kin when they returned: //lautom//.
-## Auhelawa migration is ideally circular
-* Many people who were born in Auhelawa no longer live there, but their kin believe that this absence is temporary, and they will return.
-* People living and working in other parts of the country will often return during the summer holidays with gifts, a visit that anticipates their return to membership in the social order they left.
-## Wantoks in PNG
-* //Wantok//: A person who speaks the same (//wan//) language (//tok//), and with whom one expects a relationship of mutual support.
-* Anyone who comes from the same area as oneself relative to others in a new environment are wantoks.
-* Migrants to towns reach out to wantoks and usually live among wantoks.
-## Gifts make the world go round
-### Remittances, migrant labor, and the global economy
-* In 2015, globally, over US$ 582 billion were sent home as remittances.
-* 133 billion US dollars was sent overseas as remittances in one year (2015).
-### Remittances drive economic development in many small countries
-* In many receiving countries, remittances sent back are well over what the country receives in foreign development aid (OECD 2017).
-   * In Haiti, 64% of external resource flows come from remittances, 33% from foreign aid.
-* In many of these countries, remittances are equal to or greater than what the country earns from exports (World Bank 2019a,b).
-   * In Tonga, remittances in 2018 equaled 40% of GDP (up from 20% in 2010)
-   * In 2018, exports in Tonga accounted for 21% of GDP (up from 12% in 2010, but trending downward since 1975).
-   * Other countries where remittances are worth more than export income: Liberia, Comoros, Nepal, Haiti, Tajikistan.
-   * These countries, in other words, participate in global capitalism mainly by exporting people.
-## Myths of migration
-* [[https://www.google.com/search?q=Fievel+the+mouse|Fievel the mouse]]
-* Wantok networks, Samoan diasporas
-## References
-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2017. “Resource Flows beyond ODA in DAC Statistics.” Accessed September 5. http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/beyond-oda.htm.
-Strathern, Andrew, and Pamela Stewart. 2004. Empowering the Past, Confronting the Future: The Duna People of Papua New Guinea. Basingstoke, Eng.: Palgrave Macmillan.
-World Bank. 2019a. “Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP).” World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?view=chart.
-———. 2019b. “Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP).” World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS.